HIST 150 Key Terms
-Oakland, California
-Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
-black nationalist and socialist organization for self-defense
-armed citizens monitored behavior behavior of police and challenged police brutality
-inspired by Malcolm X
-civil rights activists road busses into the segregated south
-early 1960s
-labeled as hate group and black supremacists
-Malcolm X left to become a sunni Muslim
-Elijah Muhammad was leader
-aimed at social justice
-goals: improve spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of blacks in the U.S. and all humanity
-called for by JFK
-ended racial segregation in schools, work and public facilities
-started by black motorist arrested for drunk driving
-sparked roadside riot
-lasted 7 days in August
-blamed on unemployment
-investigations showed police racism
-ended by Browder v Gayle in 1956 when segregation was declared unconstitutional
-political and social protest campaign against racial segregation of public transit system
-president Lyndon B. Johnson
-brought on by attack on marched from Selma
-“I have a dream” speech by MLK given next day in DC
– one of largest political rallies in history
-murdered in 1963 in his driveway in front of family
-murderer not convicted till 30 yrs later
-worked with NAACP to overturn the segregation at the Univ of Mississippi
-the idea that western cultures have a duty to fix the problems of struggling nations
-happened because of Waco Siege
-terrorist is citizen of the nation
-organized by Osama Bin Laden
-organized 9/11 attacks
-starting in 2001
-Saddam Hussein was condemned for using them
-not sure where target was headed
-expedited to creation after 9/11
-protect U.S. from terrorist attacks, natural disasters and accidents
-used for housing military prisoners and unlawful combatants
-leader of the local Nazi organization
-helped establish International Safety Zone in Nanjing
-saved many victims of Nanjing raping
-sheltered up to 200,000 Chinese civilians
-led by John Rabe
-“A small number of Western businessmen, journalists and missionaries, however, chose to remain behind. The missionaries were primarily Americans from the Episcopal, Disciples of Christ, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches. To coordinate their efforts, the Westerners formed a committee”
-Tripartite Pact (military alliance) signed by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan
-sealed cooperation among the three nations (Axis Powers) in WWII
-fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan
-Germany gave money to China
-Was still going on during WWII
-About her true experience of the Nanking Raping
-committed suicide
VS.
-the illegitimate distortion of the historical record, denial of historical crimes (rape of nanking)
-travel with soldiers who owned them
-was named after pilots mom
-dropped ‘little boy’ on Hiroshima
-all Japanese class A war criminals were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo
-atomic bomb ‘little boy’ dropped
-wiped out 90% of city
-killed 80,000 people
-atomic bomb ‘fat man’ dropped
-killed 40,000 people
-when there are no longer any survivors left to testify
-when memories are no longer guaranteed and anchored by a body that lived through the event, the memory is more complicated
-have a lot of meaning by bearing historical witness
-ex) the shoes at the Holocaust Memorial Museum are powerful to those not there
-held by the Allied forces after WWII
-most notable for the prosecution of some leadership of Nazi Germany
-Communist
-dictatorship founded after WWII
-formed parts of Germany occupied by the USSR
-US, Great Britain and France’s Zone
-active in white rose non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany
-convicted of high treason after distributing anti-war leaflets at University of Munich
-was executed
-social organization
-opposite to Marxism and liberalism
-Italy under Mussolini
-process of bringing leaders of the National Socialist regime in Germany to justice
-purging all elements of Nazism from public life
-the supremacy of Hitler
-ant-semitism
-national expansion
-State control of the economy
-declined in 1980s
-carried out ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
-largest population in Yugoslavia
-provoked war for own country
-promoted ‘greater Serbia’
-blamed for fostering ethnic conflict
-charged for crimes against humanity
-most targeted population during ethnic cleansing
-massacre carried out against Bosnians
-outsiders
-genocide against them in 1994
-lasted 100 days
-leaders of the Rwandan genocide
-those who participated
-current political party in Rwanda
-led by President Paul Kigame
-captured Kigali and forced Hutus to flee Zaire, ending the Rwandan genocide
-had backing from Hutu
-led government leading up to and during the genocide
-‘apartness’
-racial segregation
-policy of political and economic discrimination
-system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced by the National Party
-served as president of South Africa (1994-1999)
-first democratically elected president
-face of ANC
-allowed a voice to the Blacks
-wasn’t ineffective until 1960s
-nonviolent
-1940: Mandela joins and becomes the face
-part of the policy of apartheid
-natives in South Africa were assigned to designated area
-non-whites were forced to live in these areas and were forcefully removed from their previous homes
-nonviolent protest
-ANC abandons non violence policy
-are disappointed in the blatant division of the races in the classroom, staff as well as the language barrier issues
-a protest by students to have the statue of Cecil Rhodes taken down because of his part in apartheid
-created by Maya Lin
-black granite wall with Vietnam names
-American actress
-anti-war protests
-Jane Fonda sat on an enemy anti-aircraft gun in Hanoi, Vietnam
-occurred in Kent, Ohio
-involved in the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard
-Monday, May 4th
-assumed presidency after JFK
-greatly escalated America’s involvement in Vietnam
-killing of unarmed citizens by the US army
-men, women and children killed
-women raped
-against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam
-launched in 1968
-launched by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
-against the South Vietnamese and the United States
-January 23, 1973
-described the Paris Peace Accord to end Vietnam War
-aimed at pulling US troops from Vietnam
-equipped the South Vietnamese with weapons
-Vietnamese refugees fleeing after the war
-about 800,000 refugees between 1975-1995
-Marxist from Argentina
-tactics were in favor of helping those who could not help themselves
-considered terrorist by US
-considered hero in South America
-assassinated by CIA in 1967
-Cuba knew American soldiers were coming
-invasion was really unsuccessful
-located in Georgia
-renamed Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (2001)
-Began October 19, 1960
-no exports to Cuba except food and medicine
-communist dictator
-USSR placed missiles in Cuba to be able to hit every major city in the US
-US also had missiles in Turkey pointed at the USSR
-both removed missiles
-closest time to WWIII
-involved intelligence operations and assassinations of opponents
-officially implemented in 1975
-by right wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America
-intended to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas
-period of state terrorism in Argentina
-from 1974-1983
-military and security forces and right-wing death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A) hunted down and killed left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone beloved to be associated with socialism
-active in the Cold War
-known as the first Marxist to become president of Latin American Country through open elections
-overthrown and died during an army coup supported by the CIA in 1973
-commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army from 1973-1998
-assumed power after a US backed coup to overthrow Salvador Allende
-later revealed that many disappeared under military dictatorships in Latin America
-trying to prevent Domino Theory
-in response to the Soviet Union’s attempts at spreading communism
-implies that the NATO countries and West Germany in particularly were fascists
-marks the state of the of a road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg
-one of Germany’s most iconic monuments
-Quote from JFK’s speech in West Germany in 1963
-showed West Germans, especially lived in Berlin, that the US was on their side
-arguably Kennedy’s best speech
-1987
-in front of the Brandenburg Gate
-Reagan challenged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in order to promote more freedom
-Wall came down 2 years later
-high point in the Cold War
-led to the Berlin Airlift, joined effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after Soviet blockade off all ground routes into the city
-German CIA
-ex) Albert Einstein fleeing Germany
-best known Berlin Wall crossing point between East and West Berlin during the Cold War
-access point for foreigners and military
-helped reshape Germany after the Cold War
-helped in German reunification
-and East and West Berlin
-still in the process, gradual
-implemented five year plan
-agricultural collectivisation
-cult of personality
-last leader of Soviet Union
-economic stagnation
-reform minded
-largest and most powerful remnant of the old Soviet empire
-policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system
-first proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979
-actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev
-originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency
-but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central plan
-1922-1942
-communist leader
dissolved into more than a dozen countries
-communist country
-occurred in 1932-1933
-estimated 2.5-7.5 million deaths
-it’s connected to Ukraine but in the control of Russia
-it has a highly sought after port on the Black Sea
-current president as of 2012
-also served as Prime Minister
-served on the KGB for 16 years
-instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s
-began the democratization of the Soviet Union
-although succeeding Sun Yat-sen as head of Guomindang
-became a military dictator who wanted to crush the communist movement by Mao Zedong
-leader of Communist Part in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists
-established China as the People’s Republic of China
-seen as idol in China
-mummifies body in Tiananmen Square
-Moa tried unsuccessfully to rapidly increase China’s industrial and agricultural production
-tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output
-resulted in famine
-political policy started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China
-resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailing and the death of thousands
-given to citizens at graduations and other ceremonies
-labeled ‘capitalist roader’
-1978 – gained control of the people’s liberation army
-reversed some of Mao’s policies (abolished ag communes, allowed private farm plots/small business, sought international investors
-begins 1 child policy
-opened educational opportunities
-regained Hong Kong (capitalist)
-maintained communist power
-in favor of good economic policy
-1989
-called for political and social reforms
-resulted in the government using military to end it
-causes hundreds of deaths
June 5, 1989
-morning after, military stopped protests with force
-was an unknown protestor
-resembles the statue of Liberty
-made in 4 days out of foam
-run over and destroyed during the massacre